Art of War
《孫子兵法》計篇第
The Art of War, Chapter 1
計篇
Laying Plans
孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，
Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
死生之地,
It is a matter of life and death,
存亡之道,
a road either to safety or to ruin.
不可不察也。
Hence, it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
故經之以五，校之以計，而索其情：
The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These are:
一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法.
(1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
道者，令民于上同意者也，
The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler,
可與之死，可與之生，民不詭也。
so that they will follow him regardless of death and regardless of life, undismayed by any danger.
天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也。
Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
地者，高下、遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也。
Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。
The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
法者，曲制、官道、主用也。
By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.
凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。
These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
故校之以計，而索其情。曰：
Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:
主孰有道？
Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
將孰有能？
Which of the two generals has most ability?
天地孰得？
With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?
法令孰行？
On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
兵眾孰強？
Which army is stronger?
士卒孰練？
On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
賞罰孰明？
In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?
吾以此知勝負矣。
By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.
將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之﹔
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command!
將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。
While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
勢者，因利而制權也。
According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans.
兵者，詭道也。
All warfare is based on deception.
故能而示之不能，
Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable
用而示之不用，
when using our forces, we must seem inactive
近而示之遠，遠而示之近。
when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away
利而誘之，
Hold out baits to entice the enemy
亂而取之，
Feign disorder, and crush him.
實而備之，
If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
強而避之，
If he is in superior strength, evade him.
怒而撓之，
If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him.
卑而驕之，
Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
佚而勞之，
If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.
親而離之，
If his forces are united, separate them.
攻其不備，
Attack him where he is unprepared
出其不意。
appear where you are not expected
此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。
These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.
夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也﹔
Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。
The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand.
多算勝，少算不勝，而況無算乎！
Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all!
吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。
It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
《孫子兵法》作戰篇第二
The Art of War, Chapter 2
作戰篇
Wagging War
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，
Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war,
馳車千駟，
where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
革車千乘，
and a thousand heavy chariots,
帶甲十萬，
and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
千里饋糧,
with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li,
則內外之費，
the expenditure at home and at the front,
賓客之用，
including entertainment of guests,
膠漆之材，
small items such as glue and paint,
車甲之奉，
and sums spent on chariots and armor,
日費千金，
will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.
然後十萬之師舉矣。
Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
其用戰也貴勝，
When you engage in actual fighting,
久則鈍兵挫銳，
if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped.
攻城則力屈,
If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
久暴師則國用不足。
Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.
夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，
Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity.
雖有智者, 不能善其後矣。
Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。
Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。
There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.
故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。
It is only one who is thoroughly acquaintedwith the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載﹔
The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
取用于國，因糧于敵，故軍食可足也。
Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.
國之貧于師者遠輸，
Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance.
遠輸則百姓貧。
Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.
近師者貴賣，
On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up;
貴賣則百姓竭，
and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away.
財竭則急於丘役。
When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
力屈、財殫，中原內虛于家。百姓之費，十去其七﹔
With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;
公家之費：破軍罷馬，甲冑矢弩，戟盾蔽櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。
while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
故智將務食于敵。
Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy.
食敵一鐘，當吾二十鐘﹔箕杆一石，當吾二十石。
One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.
故殺敵者，怒也﹔取敵之利者，貨也。
Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
故車戰，
Therefore in chariot fighting,
得車十乘已上，
when ten or more chariots have been taken,
賞其先得者，
those should be rewarded who took the first.
而更其旌旗，
Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,
車雜而乘之，
and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours.
卒善而養之，
The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
是謂勝敵而益強。
This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.
故兵貴勝，不貴久。
In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
故知兵之將，民之司命，
Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate,
國家安危之主也。
the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
《孫子兵法》謀攻篇第三
The Art of War, Chapter 3
謀攻篇
Attack by Stratagem
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，
Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war,
全國為上，破國次之﹔
the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact
全軍為上，破軍次之﹔
So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,
全旅為上，破旅次之﹔
It is better to capture an entire regiment than to destroy it,
全卒為上，破卒次之﹔
It is better to capture an entire detachment than to destroy it,
全伍為上，破伍次之。
It is better to capture an entire company than to detroy it.
是故百戰百勝，非善之善也﹔
Hence to fight and conquer in one-hundred percent of your battles is not supreme excellence;
不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
故上兵伐謀，
Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans
其次伐交，
the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces
其次伐兵，
the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field
其下攻城。
and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
攻城之法為不得已。
The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.
修櫓轒轀、具器械、三月而後成，
The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months
距闉，又三月而後已。
and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
將不勝其忿，而蟻附之，
The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,
殺士三分之一，而城不拔者，
with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken.
此攻之災也。
Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.
故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰也。
Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting;
拔人之城而非攻也，
he captures their cities without laying siege to them
破人之國而非久也，
he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
必以全爭于天下，
With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire
故兵不頓，而利可全，
and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete
此謀攻之法也。
This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
故用兵之法，
It is the rule in war
十則圍之，
if our forces are ten to the enemy's one, to surround him
五則攻之，倍則分之，
if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.
敵則能戰之，
If equally matched, we can offer battle
少則能逃之，
if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy
不若則能避之。
if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。
Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.
夫將者，國之輔也。
Now the general is the bulwark of the State
輔周則國必強，
if the bulwark is complete at all points, the State will be strong;
輔隙則國必弱。
if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.
故君之所以患于軍者三：
There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:
不知軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知軍之不可 以退而謂之退,
1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
是為縻軍﹔
This is called hobbling the army.
不知三軍之事，而同三軍之政者,
2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army.
則軍士惑矣
This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.
不知三軍之權，而同三軍之任，
3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances.
則軍士疑矣。
This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣，
But when the army is restless and distrustful,trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes.
是謂亂軍引勝。
This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.
故知勝有五：
Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:
知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，
1. He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
識眾寡之用者勝，
2. He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.
上下同欲者勝，
3. He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks.
以虞待不虞者勝，
4. He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.
將能而君不御者勝。
5. He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.
此五者，知勝之道也
Knowing these five essentials wil lead to victory.
故曰：知己知彼，百戰不貽﹔
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
不知彼而知己，一勝一負﹔
If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.
不知彼不知己，每戰必貽。
If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
《孫子兵法》形篇第四
The Art of War, Chapter 4
形篇
Tactical Dispositions
孫子曰：昔之善戰者，先為不可勝，
Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat
以侍敵之可勝。
and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
不可勝在己，可勝在敵。
To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
故善戰者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。
Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
故曰：勝可知，而不可為。
Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do it.
不可勝者，守也﹔
Security against defeat implies defensive tactics;
可勝者，攻也。
ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
守則不足，
Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength;
攻則有餘。
Attacking indicates a superabundance of strength.
善守者，藏于九地之下﹔
The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth;
善攻者，動于九天之上。
The general who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven.
故能自保而全勝也。
Thus on, the one hand, we have ability to protect ourselves and, on the other, a victory that is complete.
見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也﹔
To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.
戰勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。
Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"
故舉秋毫不為多力，
To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;
見日月不為明目，
to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight;
聞雷霆不為聰耳。
to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
古之所謂善戰者，勝于易勝者也。
What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
故善戰之勝也，無智名，無勇功。
Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.
故其戰勝不忒。
He wins his battles by making no mistakes.
不忒者，其所措必勝，勝已敗者也。
Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.
故善戰者，立于不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也。
Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
是故勝兵先勝而後求戰，敗兵先戰而後求勝。
Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
善用兵者，修道而保法，
The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline;
故能為勝敗之政。
thus it is in his power to control success.
兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。
In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; and fifthly, Victory.
地生度，
Measurement owes its existence to Earth;
度生量，
Estimation of quantity owes its existance to Measurement;
量生數,
Calculation owes its existance to Estimation of quantity;
數生稱，
Balancing of chances owes its existance to Calculation;
稱生勝。
and Victory owes its existance to Balancing of chances.
故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。
A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
勝者之戰民也，若決積水于千仞之谿者，形也。
The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
《孫子兵法》勢篇第五
The Art of War, Chapter 5
勢篇
Energy
孫子曰：凡治眾如治寡，
Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men:
分數是也﹔
it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
鬥眾如鬥寡，
Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one:
形名是也﹔
it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
三軍之眾，可使必受敵而無敗，奇正是也﹔
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
兵之所加，如以碫投卵者，虛實是也。
That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。
In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
故善出奇者，無窮如天地，
Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth
不竭如江河。
They are unending as the flow of rivers and streams
終而復始，日月是也。
Like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew;
死而復生，四時是也。
Like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也。
There are not more than five musical notes (on a pentatonic scale), yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也。
There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.
味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嘗也。
There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
戰勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮之也。
In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.
奇正相生，如環之無端，孰能窮之？
The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
激水之疾，至于漂石者，勢也﹔
The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
鷙鳥之疾，至于毀折者，節也。
The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
是故善戰者，其勢險，其節短。
Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
勢如張弩，節如發機。
Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂也。
Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all;
渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗也。
amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
亂生于治，
Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline,
怯生于勇，
simulated fear postulates courage;
弱生于強。
simulated weakness postulates strength.
治亂，數也﹔
Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision;
勇怯，勢也﹔
concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy
強弱，形也。
masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.
故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之﹔
Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act
予之，敵必取之。
He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
以利動之，以卒動之。
By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
故善戰者，求之于勢，
The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy,
不責于人，
and does not require too much from individuals.
故能擇人而任勢。
Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.
任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石。
When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones.
木石之性，安則靜，危則動，
For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope;
方則止，
if four-cornered, to come to a standstill,
圓則行。
but if round-shaped, to go rolling down.
故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石于千仞之山者，勢也。
Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.
《孫子兵法》虛實篇第六
The Art of War, Chapter 6
虛實篇
Weak Points and Strong
孫子曰：凡先處戰地而待敵者佚,
Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
後處戰地而趨戰者勞。
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
故善戰者，致人而不致于人。
Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
能使敵自至者，利之也﹔
By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord;
能使敵不得至者，害之也。
or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
故敵佚能勞之，
If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;
飽能飢之，
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
安能動之。
if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
出其所不趨，
Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend;
趨其所不意。
march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
行千里而不勞者，
An army may march great distances without distress,
行于無人之地也。
if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。
You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended.
守而必固者，守其所不攻也。
You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.
故善攻者，敵不知其所守。
Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend
善守者，敵不知其所攻。
and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
微乎微乎，至于無形，神乎神乎，至于無聲，
O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
故能為敵之司命。
and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
進而不可御者，沖其虛也﹔
You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy's weak points;
退而不可追者，速而不可及也。
you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
故我欲戰，敵雖高壘深溝，
If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch.
不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也﹔
All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
我不欲戰，雖畫地而守之，
If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也。
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.
故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分﹔
By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy's must be divided.
我專為一，敵分為十，
We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions.
是以十攻其一也，則我眾而敵寡﹔
Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者，約矣。
And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
吾所與戰之地不可知，
The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known
不可知，則敵所備者多，
If it is not known, then the enemy will have to prepareagainst a possible attack at several different points;
敵所備者多，則吾之所戰者，寡矣。
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.
故備前則後寡，
For should the enemy strengthen his front, he will weaken his rear
備後則前寡，
should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his front;
故備左則右寡，
should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right
備右則左寡，
should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left.
無所不備，則無所不寡。
If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.
寡者備人者也，
Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks;
眾者使人備己者也。
numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.
故知戰之地，知戰之日，則可千里而會戰。
Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.
不知戰之地，不知戰之日
But if neither time nor place be known,
則左不能救右，
then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right,
右不能救左，
the right equally impotent to succor the left,
前不能救後，
the frontunable to relieve the rear
後不能救前，
or the rear to support the van.
而況遠者數十里，近者數里乎？
How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred li apart, and even the nearest are separated by several li?
以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，
Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in number,
亦奚益于勝敗哉！
that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved!
故曰：勝可為也。
Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting.
敵雖眾，可使無鬥。
Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.
故策之而知得失之計，
Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity.
作之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，
Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
角之而知有餘不足之處。
Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
故形兵之極，至于無形﹔
In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them;
無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。
conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.
因形而錯勝于眾，眾不能知﹔
How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
人皆知我所以勝之形，
All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer,
而莫知吾所以制勝之形。
but what none can see is the strategy out of which victoryis evolved.
故其戰勝不復，
Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory,
而應形于無窮。
but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
夫兵形象水，
Military tactics are like unto water;
水之形避高而趨下，
for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
兵之形，避實而擊虛，
So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.
水因地而制流，
Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows;
兵應敵而制勝。
the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
故兵無常勢，水無常形，
Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。
He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
故五行無常勝，
The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)are not always equally predominant
四時無常位，
the four seasons make way for each other in turn.
日有短長，
There are short days and long;
月有死生。
the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
07《孫子兵法》軍爭篇第七 軍爭篇
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，合軍聚眾，交和而舍，莫難于軍
爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。故迂其途，而誘之以利，後
人發，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。
故軍爭為利，軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利，則不及﹔委軍而爭利，則輜重
捐。是故卷甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百里而爭利，則擒三將軍
，勁者先，疲者後，其法十一而至﹔五十里而爭利，則蹶上將軍，其
法半至﹔三十里而爭利，則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食
則亡，無委積則亡。
故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交﹔不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能
行軍﹔不用鄉導者，不能得地利。
故兵以詐立，以利動，以分和為變者也。
故其疾如風，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不動如山，難知如陰，動如雷震
。
掠鄉分眾，廓地分守，懸權而動。
先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。
軍政曰：「言不相聞，故為金鼓；視而不見，故為旌旗。」夫
金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也；人既專一， 則勇者不得獨進，
怯者不得獨退，此用眾之法也。故夜戰多火鼓，
晝戰多旌旗，所以變人之耳目也。
故三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。故善用
兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此
治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待飢，此治力者也。無邀正正
之旗，無擊堂堂之陣，此治變者也。
故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，餌兵勿食
，歸師勿遏，圍師遺闕，窮寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。
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08《孫子兵法》九變篇第八 九變篇
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，合軍聚眾，圮地無舍，衢地交和
，絕地勿留，圍地則謀，死地則戰。
途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受
。
故將通于九變之利者，知用兵矣﹔將不通于九變之利，雖知地形，不
能得地之利矣﹔治兵不知九變之朮，雖知地利，不能得人之用矣。
是故智者之慮，必雜于利害。雜于利，而務可信也﹔雜于害，而患可
解也。
是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業，趨諸侯者以利。
故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待也﹔無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不
可攻也。
故將有五危：必死，可殺也﹔必生，可虜也﹔忿速，可侮也﹔廉潔，
可辱也﹔愛民，可煩也。凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。覆軍殺
將，必以五危，不可不察也。
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09《孫子兵法》行軍篇第九 行軍篇
孫子曰：凡處軍、相敵，絕山依谷，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之
軍也。絕水必遠水﹔客絕水而來，勿迎之于水內，令半濟而擊之，利
﹔欲戰者，無附于水而迎客﹔視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也
。絕斥澤，惟亟去無留﹔若交軍于斥澤之中，必依水草，而背眾樹，
此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，而右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也
。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。
凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。
丘陵堤防，必處其陽，而右背之。此兵之利，地之助也。
上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。
凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。
吾遠之，敵近之﹔吾迎之，敵背之。
軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、林木、蘙薈者，必謹慎復索之，此伏奸之
所處也。
敵近而靜者，恃其險也﹔遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也﹔其所居易者，利
也。
眾樹動者，來也﹔眾草多障者，疑也﹔鳥起者，伏也﹔獸駭者，覆也
﹔塵高而銳者，車來也﹔卑而廣者，徒來也﹔散而條達者，樵采也﹔
少而往來者，營軍也。
辭卑而備者，進也﹔辭強而進驅者，退也﹔輕車先出其側者，陣也﹔
無約而請和者，謀也﹔奔走而陳兵者，期也﹔半進半退者，誘也。
杖而立者，飢也﹔汲而先飲者，渴也﹔見利而不進者，勞也﹔鳥集者
，虛也﹔夜呼者，恐也﹔軍擾者，將不重也﹔旌旗動者，亂也﹔吏怒
者，倦也﹔粟馬肉食，軍無懸缶而不返其舍者，窮寇也﹔諄諄翕翕，
徐與人言者，失眾也﹔數賞者，窘也﹔數罰者，困也﹔先暴而後畏其
眾者，不精之至也﹔來委謝者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，
又不相去，必謹察之。
兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以并力、料敵、取人而已。夫惟無慮而
易敵者，必擒于人。
卒未親附而罰之，則不服，不服則難用也。卒已親附而罰不行，則不
可用也。故令之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民
服﹔令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。
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10《孫子兵法》地形篇第十 地形篇
孫子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。
我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利
。可以往，難以返，曰挂。挂形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，
出而不勝，則難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形
者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者
，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。
險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵﹔若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從
也。遠形者，勢均，難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將
之至任，不可不察也。
故兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者
，非天之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走。卒強吏弱，曰馳
。吏強卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰
崩。將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂。將不能料敵
，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將
之至任，不可不察也。
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險厄遠近，上將之道也。知此而
用戰者必勝﹔不知此而用戰者必敗。
故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也﹔戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也
。故進不求名，退不避罪，惟人是保，而利合于主，國之寶也。
視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深谿﹔視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而
不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。
知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也﹔知敵之可擊，而不
知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也﹔知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不
知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故
曰：知己知彼，勝乃不殆﹔知天知地，勝乃可全。
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11《孫子兵法》九地篇第十一 九地篇
孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有
重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地，為散地。入人之地
不深者，為輕地。我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地。我可以往，彼可
以來者，為交地。諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地。入人
之地深，背城邑多者，為重地。山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，
為圮地。所從由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊我之眾者，為圍地
。疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止
，爭地則無攻，衢地則合交，重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地
則戰。
所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救
，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合于利而動，不合于利而
止。敢問：“敵眾整而將來，待之若何？”曰：“先奪其所愛，則聽
矣。”
兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
凡為客之道：深入則專，主人不克。掠于饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿
勞，并氣積力，運并計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北。死焉
不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已
則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信。禁祥去
疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也﹔無餘命，非惡壽也。令發
之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者淚交頤。投之無所往者，諸、劌之勇
也。
故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其
尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問：“兵可使如率然乎？”曰：“
可。”夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟，遇風，其相救也，如左
右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也。齊勇如一，政之道也，剛柔皆得，
地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。
將軍之事：靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知。易其事，
革其謀，使人無識。易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。帥與之期，如登
高而去其梯。帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機，焚舟破釜，若驅群羊
。驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之于險，此謂將軍之
事也。九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。
凡為客之道：深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也﹔四達者，
衢地也﹔入深者，重地也﹔入淺者，輕地也﹔背固前隘者，圍地也﹔
無所往者，死地也。
是故散地，吾將一其志﹔輕地，吾將使之屬﹔爭地，吾將趨其後﹔交
地，吾將謹其守﹔衢地，吾將固其結﹔重地，吾將繼其食﹔圮地，吾
將進其途﹔圍地，吾將塞其闕﹔死地，吾將示之以不活。
故兵之情：圍則御，不得已則鬥，過則從。
是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交。不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不
能行軍。不用鄉導，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸、王之兵也
。夫霸、王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚﹔威加于敵，則其交不得合
。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加于敵，則其城
可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞，懸無政之令，犯三軍之眾，若使一人
。犯之以事，勿告以言。犯之以利，勿告以害。
投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷于害，然後能為勝敗。
故為兵之事，在于佯順敵之意，并敵一向，千里殺將，是謂巧能成事
者也。
是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使﹔勵于廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵
人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期。踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是
故始如處女，敵人開戶，後如脫兔，敵不及拒。
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12《孫子兵法》火攻篇第十二 火攻篇
孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，
五曰火隊。行火必有因，煙火必素具。發火有時，起火有日。時者，
天之燥也。日者，月在萁、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風起之日也
。
凡火攻，必因五火之變而應之。火發于內，則早應之于外。火發而其
兵靜者，待而勿攻。極其火力，可從而從之，不可從而止。火可發于
外，無待于內，以時發之。火發上風，無攻下風。晝風久，夜風止。
凡軍必知有五火之變，以數守之。
故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強。水可以絕，不可以奪。
夫戰勝攻取，而不修其功者凶，命曰“費留”。故曰：明主慮之，良
將修之。非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。主不可以怒而興師，將不
可以慍而致戰。合于利而動，不合于利而止。怒可以復喜，慍可以復
悅，亡國不可以復存，死者不可以復生。故明君慎之，良將警之。此
安國全軍之道也。
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13《孫子兵法》用間篇第十三 用間篇
孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金。
內外騷動，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日
之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也。非人之將也，非
主之佐也，非勝之主也。故明君賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出于眾者
，先知也。先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可驗于度。必取
于人，知敵之情者也。
故用間有五：有因間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱起
，莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。因間者，因其鄉人而用之。內
間者，因其官人而用之。反間者，因其敵間而用之。死間者，為誑事
于外，令吾聞知之，而傳于敵間也。生間者，反報也。
故三軍之事，莫親于間，賞莫厚于間，事莫密于間。非聖智不能用間
，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉！微哉！無所不用間
也。間事未發，而先聞者，間與所告者兼死。
凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁
者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。
必索敵人之間來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也。
因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也﹔因是而知之，故死間為誑事
可使告敵﹔因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，君必知之，知
之必在于反間，故反間不可不厚也。
昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏﹔周之興也，呂牙在殷。故惟明君賢將能以上
智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。
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郭化若校勘 說明
《孫子兵法》〔春秋孫武撰〕一書，正如許多其它中國典籍那樣，向
來有諸多大同小異的版本流傳于世。此處所刊電子版則基本上取自于
中國人民解放軍軍事理論家郭化若所著《孫子譯注》〔上海古籍出版
社一九八四年版〕中的校勘本。郭本實際上主要參照了《十家注孫子
》、《武經﹒孫子》以及山東臨沂銀雀山漢墓出土的《孫子兵法》竹
簡，勘訂而成。我們這里只是在原來加州張家杰所輸入的《孫子兵法
》的基礎上，參照郭本加以編緝修訂，收入正在進行中的電子中文文
庫。
(凡國標碼表中無對應的少數漢字，均以“□”符號代之 fixed by Ed.)。原張家杰所
擬序言亦收在下面供參考。
李曉渝 謹記
一九九一年冬于德克薩斯
美國超級超導對撞機實驗室
Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
2550 Beckleymeade Avenue, Suite 210
Dallas, Texas 75237
Email: xiaoyu@Grumpy.SSC.GOV
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
《孫子兵法》序言 序言
《孫子兵法》成書于春秋戰國時代，為中國歷史上最杰出的兵書。至
今雖已歷經兩千餘年，但因其內容博大精深，理論高度概括，實踐層
出不窮，在現今社會中的每一各層次，從人際關系到國際戰略，它仍
有極大的參考價值。其“無為而戰、不戰而勝”的中心思想，仍不失
為一值得借鑒的指導原則。
此文本取自語農編著的《孫子兵法》（國家出版社）。
The Art of War, Chapter 1
計篇
Laying Plans
孫子曰：兵者，國之大事，
Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
死生之地,
It is a matter of life and death,
存亡之道,
a road either to safety or to ruin.
不可不察也。
Hence, it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.
故經之以五，校之以計，而索其情：
The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These are:
一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰將，五曰法.
(1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.
道者，令民于上同意者也，
The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler,
可與之死，可與之生，民不詭也。
so that they will follow him regardless of death and regardless of life, undismayed by any danger.
天者，陰陽、寒暑、時制也。
Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons.
地者，高下、遠近、險易、廣狹、死生也。
Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.
將者，智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。
The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.
法者，曲制、官道、主用也。
By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.
凡此五者，將莫不聞，知之者勝，不知之者不勝。
These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.
故校之以計，而索其情。曰：
Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:
主孰有道？
Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
將孰有能？
Which of the two generals has most ability?
天地孰得？
With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?
法令孰行？
On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
兵眾孰強？
Which army is stronger?
士卒孰練？
On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
賞罰孰明？
In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?
吾以此知勝負矣。
By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.
將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之﹔
The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command!
將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。
The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外。
While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
勢者，因利而制權也。
According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans.
兵者，詭道也。
All warfare is based on deception.
故能而示之不能，
Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable
用而示之不用，
when using our forces, we must seem inactive
近而示之遠，遠而示之近。
when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away
利而誘之，
Hold out baits to entice the enemy
亂而取之，
Feign disorder, and crush him.
實而備之，
If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
強而避之，
If he is in superior strength, evade him.
怒而撓之，
If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him.
卑而驕之，
Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.
佚而勞之，
If he is taking his ease, give him no rest.
親而離之，
If his forces are united, separate them.
攻其不備，
Attack him where he is unprepared
出其不意。
appear where you are not expected
此兵家之勝，不可先傳也。
These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.
夫未戰而廟算勝者，得算多也﹔
Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.
未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。
The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand.
多算勝，少算不勝，而況無算乎！
Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all!
吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。
It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
《孫子兵法》作戰篇第二
The Art of War, Chapter 2
作戰篇
Wagging War
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，
Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war,
馳車千駟，
where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
革車千乘，
and a thousand heavy chariots,
帶甲十萬，
and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
千里饋糧,
with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li,
則內外之費，
the expenditure at home and at the front,
賓客之用，
including entertainment of guests,
膠漆之材，
small items such as glue and paint,
車甲之奉，
and sums spent on chariots and armor,
日費千金，
will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.
然後十萬之師舉矣。
Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
其用戰也貴勝，
When you engage in actual fighting,
久則鈍兵挫銳，
if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped.
攻城則力屈,
If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength.
久暴師則國用不足。
Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.
夫鈍兵挫銳，屈力殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，
Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity.
雖有智者, 不能善其後矣。
Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也。
Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。
There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.
故不盡知用兵之害者，則不能盡知用兵之利也。
It is only one who is thoroughly acquaintedwith the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載﹔
The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.
取用于國，因糧于敵，故軍食可足也。
Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.
國之貧于師者遠輸，
Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance.
遠輸則百姓貧。
Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.
近師者貴賣，
On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up;
貴賣則百姓竭，
and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away.
財竭則急於丘役。
When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
力屈、財殫，中原內虛于家。百姓之費，十去其七﹔
With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;
公家之費：破軍罷馬，甲冑矢弩，戟盾蔽櫓，丘牛大車，十去其六。
while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
故智將務食于敵。
Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy.
食敵一鐘，當吾二十鐘﹔箕杆一石，當吾二十石。
One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.
故殺敵者，怒也﹔取敵之利者，貨也。
Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.
故車戰，
Therefore in chariot fighting,
得車十乘已上，
when ten or more chariots have been taken,
賞其先得者，
those should be rewarded who took the first.
而更其旌旗，
Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,
車雜而乘之，
and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours.
卒善而養之，
The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
是謂勝敵而益強。
This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.
故兵貴勝，不貴久。
In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
故知兵之將，民之司命，
Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate,
國家安危之主也。
the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
《孫子兵法》謀攻篇第三
The Art of War, Chapter 3
謀攻篇
Attack by Stratagem
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，
Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war,
全國為上，破國次之﹔
the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact
全軍為上，破軍次之﹔
So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,
全旅為上，破旅次之﹔
It is better to capture an entire regiment than to destroy it,
全卒為上，破卒次之﹔
It is better to capture an entire detachment than to destroy it,
全伍為上，破伍次之。
It is better to capture an entire company than to detroy it.
是故百戰百勝，非善之善也﹔
Hence to fight and conquer in one-hundred percent of your battles is not supreme excellence;
不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
故上兵伐謀，
Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans
其次伐交，
the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces
其次伐兵，
the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field
其下攻城。
and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
攻城之法為不得已。
The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided.
修櫓轒轀、具器械、三月而後成，
The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months
距闉，又三月而後已。
and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
將不勝其忿，而蟻附之，
The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,
殺士三分之一，而城不拔者，
with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken.
此攻之災也。
Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.
故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰也。
Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting;
拔人之城而非攻也，
he captures their cities without laying siege to them
破人之國而非久也，
he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
必以全爭于天下，
With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire
故兵不頓，而利可全，
and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete
此謀攻之法也。
This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
故用兵之法，
It is the rule in war
十則圍之，
if our forces are ten to the enemy's one, to surround him
五則攻之，倍則分之，
if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.
敵則能戰之，
If equally matched, we can offer battle
少則能逃之，
if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy
不若則能避之。
if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。
Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.
夫將者，國之輔也。
Now the general is the bulwark of the State
輔周則國必強，
if the bulwark is complete at all points, the State will be strong;
輔隙則國必弱。
if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak.
故君之所以患于軍者三：
There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:
不知軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知軍之不可 以退而謂之退,
1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.
是為縻軍﹔
This is called hobbling the army.
不知三軍之事，而同三軍之政者,
2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army.
則軍士惑矣
This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.
不知三軍之權，而同三軍之任，
3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances.
則軍士疑矣。
This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
三軍既惑且疑，則諸侯之難至矣，
But when the army is restless and distrustful,trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes.
是謂亂軍引勝。
This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.
故知勝有五：
Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:
知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，
1. He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
識眾寡之用者勝，
2. He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.
上下同欲者勝，
3. He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks.
以虞待不虞者勝，
4. He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.
將能而君不御者勝。
5. He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with by the sovereign.
此五者，知勝之道也
Knowing these five essentials wil lead to victory.
故曰：知己知彼，百戰不貽﹔
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
不知彼而知己，一勝一負﹔
If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.
不知彼不知己，每戰必貽。
If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
《孫子兵法》形篇第四
The Art of War, Chapter 4
形篇
Tactical Dispositions
孫子曰：昔之善戰者，先為不可勝，
Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat
以侍敵之可勝。
and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
不可勝在己，可勝在敵。
To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
故善戰者，能為不可勝，不能使敵之必可勝。
Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy.
故曰：勝可知，而不可為。
Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do it.
不可勝者，守也﹔
Security against defeat implies defensive tactics;
可勝者，攻也。
ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
守則不足，
Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength;
攻則有餘。
Attacking indicates a superabundance of strength.
善守者，藏于九地之下﹔
The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth;
善攻者，動于九天之上。
The general who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven.
故能自保而全勝也。
Thus on, the one hand, we have ability to protect ourselves and, on the other, a victory that is complete.
見勝不過眾人之所知，非善之善者也﹔
To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.
戰勝而天下曰善，非善之善者也。
Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, "Well done!"
故舉秋毫不為多力，
To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength;
見日月不為明目，
to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight;
聞雷霆不為聰耳。
to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear.
古之所謂善戰者，勝于易勝者也。
What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
故善戰之勝也，無智名，無勇功。
Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage.
故其戰勝不忒。
He wins his battles by making no mistakes.
不忒者，其所措必勝，勝已敗者也。
Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.
故善戰者，立于不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也。
Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy.
是故勝兵先勝而後求戰，敗兵先戰而後求勝。
Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
善用兵者，修道而保法，
The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline;
故能為勝敗之政。
thus it is in his power to control success.
兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。
In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; and fifthly, Victory.
地生度，
Measurement owes its existence to Earth;
度生量，
Estimation of quantity owes its existance to Measurement;
量生數,
Calculation owes its existance to Estimation of quantity;
數生稱，
Balancing of chances owes its existance to Calculation;
稱生勝。
and Victory owes its existance to Balancing of chances.
故勝兵若以鎰稱銖，敗兵若以銖稱鎰。
A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
勝者之戰民也，若決積水于千仞之谿者，形也。
The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
《孫子兵法》勢篇第五
The Art of War, Chapter 5
勢篇
Energy
孫子曰：凡治眾如治寡，
Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men:
分數是也﹔
it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
鬥眾如鬥寡，
Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one:
形名是也﹔
it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
三軍之眾，可使必受敵而無敗，奇正是也﹔
To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect.
兵之所加，如以碫投卵者，虛實是也。
That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。
In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
故善出奇者，無窮如天地，
Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth
不竭如江河。
They are unending as the flow of rivers and streams
終而復始，日月是也。
Like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew;
死而復生，四時是也。
Like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
聲不過五，五聲之變，不可勝聽也。
There are not more than five musical notes (on a pentatonic scale), yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也。
There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen.
味不過五，五味之變，不可勝嘗也。
There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
戰勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮之也。
In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.
奇正相生，如環之無端，孰能窮之？
The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle--you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
激水之疾，至于漂石者，勢也﹔
The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
鷙鳥之疾，至于毀折者，節也。
The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
是故善戰者，其勢險，其節短。
Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
勢如張弩，節如發機。
Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂也。
Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all;
渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗也。
amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
亂生于治，
Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline,
怯生于勇，
simulated fear postulates courage;
弱生于強。
simulated weakness postulates strength.
治亂，數也﹔
Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision;
勇怯，勢也﹔
concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy
強弱，形也。
masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.
故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之﹔
Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act
予之，敵必取之。
He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
以利動之，以卒動之。
By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
故善戰者，求之于勢，
The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy,
不責于人，
and does not require too much from individuals.
故能擇人而任勢。
Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.
任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石。
When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones.
木石之性，安則靜，危則動，
For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope;
方則止，
if four-cornered, to come to a standstill,
圓則行。
but if round-shaped, to go rolling down.
故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石于千仞之山者，勢也。
Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.
《孫子兵法》虛實篇第六
The Art of War, Chapter 6
虛實篇
Weak Points and Strong
孫子曰：凡先處戰地而待敵者佚,
Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight;
後處戰地而趨戰者勞。
whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
故善戰者，致人而不致于人。
Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him.
能使敵自至者，利之也﹔
By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord;
能使敵不得至者，害之也。
or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
故敵佚能勞之，
If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him;
飽能飢之，
if well supplied with food, he can starve him out;
安能動之。
if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.
出其所不趨，
Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend;
趨其所不意。
march swiftly to places where you are not expected.
行千里而不勞者，
An army may march great distances without distress,
行于無人之地也。
if it marches through country where the enemy is not.
攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。
You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended.
守而必固者，守其所不攻也。
You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.
故善攻者，敵不知其所守。
Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend
善守者，敵不知其所攻。
and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.
微乎微乎，至于無形，神乎神乎，至于無聲，
O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible;
故能為敵之司命。
and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.
進而不可御者，沖其虛也﹔
You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy's weak points;
退而不可追者，速而不可及也。
you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
故我欲戰，敵雖高壘深溝，
If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch.
不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救也﹔
All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
我不欲戰，雖畫地而守之，
If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也。
All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.
故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分﹔
By discovering the enemy's dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy's must be divided.
我專為一，敵分為十，
We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions.
是以十攻其一也，則我眾而敵寡﹔
Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy's few.
能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰者，約矣。
And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.
吾所與戰之地不可知，
The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known
不可知，則敵所備者多，
If it is not known, then the enemy will have to prepareagainst a possible attack at several different points;
敵所備者多，則吾之所戰者，寡矣。
and his forces being thus distributed in many directions,the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.
故備前則後寡，
For should the enemy strengthen his front, he will weaken his rear
備後則前寡，
should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his front;
故備左則右寡，
should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right
備右則左寡，
should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left.
無所不備，則無所不寡。
If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.
寡者備人者也，
Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks;
眾者使人備己者也。
numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.
故知戰之地，知戰之日，則可千里而會戰。
Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.
不知戰之地，不知戰之日
But if neither time nor place be known,
則左不能救右，
then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right,
右不能救左，
the right equally impotent to succor the left,
前不能救後，
the frontunable to relieve the rear
後不能救前，
or the rear to support the van.
而況遠者數十里，近者數里乎？
How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred li apart, and even the nearest are separated by several li?
以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，
Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in number,
亦奚益于勝敗哉！
that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved!
故曰：勝可為也。
Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting.
敵雖眾，可使無鬥。
Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.
故策之而知得失之計，
Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity.
作之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，
Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
角之而知有餘不足之處。
Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
故形兵之極，至于無形﹔
In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them;
無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。
conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.
因形而錯勝于眾，眾不能知﹔
How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy's own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
人皆知我所以勝之形，
All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer,
而莫知吾所以制勝之形。
but what none can see is the strategy out of which victoryis evolved.
故其戰勝不復，
Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory,
而應形于無窮。
but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
夫兵形象水，
Military tactics are like unto water;
水之形避高而趨下，
for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.
兵之形，避實而擊虛，
So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.
水因地而制流，
Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows;
兵應敵而制勝。
the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.
故兵無常勢，水無常形，
Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.
能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。
He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
故五行無常勝，
The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth)are not always equally predominant
四時無常位，
the four seasons make way for each other in turn.
日有短長，
There are short days and long;
月有死生。
the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
07《孫子兵法》軍爭篇第七 軍爭篇
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，合軍聚眾，交和而舍，莫難于軍
爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。故迂其途，而誘之以利，後
人發，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。
故軍爭為利，軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利，則不及﹔委軍而爭利，則輜重
捐。是故卷甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百里而爭利，則擒三將軍
，勁者先，疲者後，其法十一而至﹔五十里而爭利，則蹶上將軍，其
法半至﹔三十里而爭利，則三分之二至。是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食
則亡，無委積則亡。
故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交﹔不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能
行軍﹔不用鄉導者，不能得地利。
故兵以詐立，以利動，以分和為變者也。
故其疾如風，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不動如山，難知如陰，動如雷震
。
掠鄉分眾，廓地分守，懸權而動。
先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。
軍政曰：「言不相聞，故為金鼓；視而不見，故為旌旗。」夫
金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也；人既專一， 則勇者不得獨進，
怯者不得獨退，此用眾之法也。故夜戰多火鼓，
晝戰多旌旗，所以變人之耳目也。
故三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。故善用
兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此
治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待飢，此治力者也。無邀正正
之旗，無擊堂堂之陣，此治變者也。
故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，餌兵勿食
，歸師勿遏，圍師遺闕，窮寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。
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08《孫子兵法》九變篇第八 九變篇
孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，合軍聚眾，圮地無舍，衢地交和
，絕地勿留，圍地則謀，死地則戰。
途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受
。
故將通于九變之利者，知用兵矣﹔將不通于九變之利，雖知地形，不
能得地之利矣﹔治兵不知九變之朮，雖知地利，不能得人之用矣。
是故智者之慮，必雜于利害。雜于利，而務可信也﹔雜于害，而患可
解也。
是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業，趨諸侯者以利。
故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待也﹔無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不
可攻也。
故將有五危：必死，可殺也﹔必生，可虜也﹔忿速，可侮也﹔廉潔，
可辱也﹔愛民，可煩也。凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。覆軍殺
將，必以五危，不可不察也。
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09《孫子兵法》行軍篇第九 行軍篇
孫子曰：凡處軍、相敵，絕山依谷，視生處高，戰隆無登，此處山之
軍也。絕水必遠水﹔客絕水而來，勿迎之于水內，令半濟而擊之，利
﹔欲戰者，無附于水而迎客﹔視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也
。絕斥澤，惟亟去無留﹔若交軍于斥澤之中，必依水草，而背眾樹，
此處斥澤之軍也。平陸處易，而右背高，前死後生，此處平陸之軍也
。凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。
凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，養生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。
丘陵堤防，必處其陽，而右背之。此兵之利，地之助也。
上雨，水沫至，欲涉者，待其定也。
凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。
吾遠之，敵近之﹔吾迎之，敵背之。
軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、林木、蘙薈者，必謹慎復索之，此伏奸之
所處也。
敵近而靜者，恃其險也﹔遠而挑戰者，欲人之進也﹔其所居易者，利
也。
眾樹動者，來也﹔眾草多障者，疑也﹔鳥起者，伏也﹔獸駭者，覆也
﹔塵高而銳者，車來也﹔卑而廣者，徒來也﹔散而條達者，樵采也﹔
少而往來者，營軍也。
辭卑而備者，進也﹔辭強而進驅者，退也﹔輕車先出其側者，陣也﹔
無約而請和者，謀也﹔奔走而陳兵者，期也﹔半進半退者，誘也。
杖而立者，飢也﹔汲而先飲者，渴也﹔見利而不進者，勞也﹔鳥集者
，虛也﹔夜呼者，恐也﹔軍擾者，將不重也﹔旌旗動者，亂也﹔吏怒
者，倦也﹔粟馬肉食，軍無懸缶而不返其舍者，窮寇也﹔諄諄翕翕，
徐與人言者，失眾也﹔數賞者，窘也﹔數罰者，困也﹔先暴而後畏其
眾者，不精之至也﹔來委謝者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，
又不相去，必謹察之。
兵非貴益多也，惟無武進，足以并力、料敵、取人而已。夫惟無慮而
易敵者，必擒于人。
卒未親附而罰之，則不服，不服則難用也。卒已親附而罰不行，則不
可用也。故令之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民
服﹔令素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。
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10《孫子兵法》地形篇第十 地形篇
孫子曰：地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有險者、有遠者。
我可以往，彼可以來，曰通。通形者，先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利
。可以往，難以返，曰挂。挂形者，敵無備，出而勝之，敵若有備，
出而不勝，則難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支。支形
者，敵雖利我，我無出也，引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形者
，我先居之，必盈之以待敵。若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。
險形者，我先居之，必居高陽以待敵﹔若敵先居之，引而去之，勿從
也。遠形者，勢均，難以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也，將
之至任，不可不察也。
故兵有走者、有馳者、有陷者、有崩者、有亂者、有北者。凡此六者
，非天之災，將之過也。夫勢均，以一擊十，曰走。卒強吏弱，曰馳
。吏強卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能，曰
崩。將弱不嚴，教道不明，吏卒無常，陳兵縱橫，曰亂。將不能料敵
，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也，將
之至任，不可不察也。
夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險厄遠近，上將之道也。知此而
用戰者必勝﹔不知此而用戰者必敗。
故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必戰可也﹔戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也
。故進不求名，退不避罪，惟人是保，而利合于主，國之寶也。
視卒如嬰兒，故可以與之赴深谿﹔視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。厚而
不能使，愛而不能令，亂而不能治，譬若驕子，不可用也。
知吾卒之可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也﹔知敵之可擊，而不
知吾卒之不可以擊，勝之半也﹔知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不
知地形之不可以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不迷，舉而不窮。故
曰：知己知彼，勝乃不殆﹔知天知地，勝乃可全。
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11《孫子兵法》九地篇第十一 九地篇
孫子曰：用兵之法，有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有衢地，有
重地，有圮地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯自戰其地，為散地。入人之地
不深者，為輕地。我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭地。我可以往，彼可
以來者，為交地。諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下眾者，為衢地。入人
之地深，背城邑多者，為重地。山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，
為圮地。所從由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊我之眾者，為圍地
。疾戰則存，不疾戰則亡者，為死地。是故散地則無戰，輕地則無止
，爭地則無攻，衢地則合交，重地則掠，圮地則行，圍地則謀，死地
則戰。
所謂古之善用兵者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相恃，貴賤不相救
，上下不相收，卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合于利而動，不合于利而
止。敢問：“敵眾整而將來，待之若何？”曰：“先奪其所愛，則聽
矣。”
兵之情主速，乘人之不及，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。
凡為客之道：深入則專，主人不克。掠于饒野，三軍足食。謹養而勿
勞，并氣積力，運并計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北。死焉
不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固，深入則拘，不得已
則鬥。是故其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信。禁祥去
疑，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也﹔無餘命，非惡壽也。令發
之日，士卒坐者涕沾襟，偃臥者淚交頤。投之無所往者，諸、劌之勇
也。
故善用兵者，譬如率然。率然者，常山之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊其
尾則首至，擊其中則首尾俱至。敢問：“兵可使如率然乎？”曰：“
可。”夫吳人與越人相惡也，當其同舟而濟，遇風，其相救也，如左
右手。是故方馬埋輪，未足恃也。齊勇如一，政之道也，剛柔皆得，
地之理也。故善用兵者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。
將軍之事：靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使之無知。易其事，
革其謀，使人無識。易其居，迂其途，使人不得慮。帥與之期，如登
高而去其梯。帥與之深入諸侯之地，而發其機，焚舟破釜，若驅群羊
。驅而往，驅而來，莫知所之。聚三軍之眾，投之于險，此謂將軍之
事也。九地之變，屈伸之力，人情之理，不可不察也。
凡為客之道：深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也﹔四達者，
衢地也﹔入深者，重地也﹔入淺者，輕地也﹔背固前隘者，圍地也﹔
無所往者，死地也。
是故散地，吾將一其志﹔輕地，吾將使之屬﹔爭地，吾將趨其後﹔交
地，吾將謹其守﹔衢地，吾將固其結﹔重地，吾將繼其食﹔圮地，吾
將進其途﹔圍地，吾將塞其闕﹔死地，吾將示之以不活。
故兵之情：圍則御，不得已則鬥，過則從。
是故不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交。不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不
能行軍。不用鄉導，不能得地利。四五者，不知一，非霸、王之兵也
。夫霸、王之兵，伐大國，則其眾不得聚﹔威加于敵，則其交不得合
。是故不爭天下之交，不養天下之權，信己之私，威加于敵，則其城
可拔，其國可隳。施無法之賞，懸無政之令，犯三軍之眾，若使一人
。犯之以事，勿告以言。犯之以利，勿告以害。
投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後生。夫眾陷于害，然後能為勝敗。
故為兵之事，在于佯順敵之意，并敵一向，千里殺將，是謂巧能成事
者也。
是故政舉之日，夷關折符，無通其使﹔勵于廊廟之上，以誅其事。敵
人開闔，必亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期。踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是
故始如處女，敵人開戶，後如脫兔，敵不及拒。
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12《孫子兵法》火攻篇第十二 火攻篇
孫子曰：凡火攻有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，
五曰火隊。行火必有因，煙火必素具。發火有時，起火有日。時者，
天之燥也。日者，月在萁、壁、翼、軫也。凡此四宿者，風起之日也
。
凡火攻，必因五火之變而應之。火發于內，則早應之于外。火發而其
兵靜者，待而勿攻。極其火力，可從而從之，不可從而止。火可發于
外，無待于內，以時發之。火發上風，無攻下風。晝風久，夜風止。
凡軍必知有五火之變，以數守之。
故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強。水可以絕，不可以奪。
夫戰勝攻取，而不修其功者凶，命曰“費留”。故曰：明主慮之，良
將修之。非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。主不可以怒而興師，將不
可以慍而致戰。合于利而動，不合于利而止。怒可以復喜，慍可以復
悅，亡國不可以復存，死者不可以復生。故明君慎之，良將警之。此
安國全軍之道也。
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13《孫子兵法》用間篇第十三 用間篇
孫子曰：凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，日費千金。
內外騷動，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日
之勝，而愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也。非人之將也，非
主之佐也，非勝之主也。故明君賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出于眾者
，先知也。先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可驗于度。必取
于人，知敵之情者也。
故用間有五：有因間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱起
，莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。因間者，因其鄉人而用之。內
間者，因其官人而用之。反間者，因其敵間而用之。死間者，為誑事
于外，令吾聞知之，而傳于敵間也。生間者，反報也。
故三軍之事，莫親于間，賞莫厚于間，事莫密于間。非聖智不能用間
，非仁義不能使間，非微妙不能得間之實。微哉！微哉！無所不用間
也。間事未發，而先聞者，間與所告者兼死。
凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺，必先知其守將、左右、謁
者、門者、舍人之姓名，令吾間必索知之。
必索敵人之間來間我者，因而利之，導而舍之，故反間可得而用也。
因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也﹔因是而知之，故死間為誑事
可使告敵﹔因是而知之，故生間可使如期。五間之事，君必知之，知
之必在于反間，故反間不可不厚也。
昔殷之興也，伊摯在夏﹔周之興也，呂牙在殷。故惟明君賢將能以上
智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍之所恃而動也。
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郭化若校勘 說明
《孫子兵法》〔春秋孫武撰〕一書，正如許多其它中國典籍那樣，向
來有諸多大同小異的版本流傳于世。此處所刊電子版則基本上取自于
中國人民解放軍軍事理論家郭化若所著《孫子譯注》〔上海古籍出版
社一九八四年版〕中的校勘本。郭本實際上主要參照了《十家注孫子
》、《武經﹒孫子》以及山東臨沂銀雀山漢墓出土的《孫子兵法》竹
簡，勘訂而成。我們這里只是在原來加州張家杰所輸入的《孫子兵法
》的基礎上，參照郭本加以編緝修訂，收入正在進行中的電子中文文
庫。
(凡國標碼表中無對應的少數漢字，均以“□”符號代之 fixed by Ed.)。原張家杰所
擬序言亦收在下面供參考。
李曉渝 謹記
一九九一年冬于德克薩斯
美國超級超導對撞機實驗室
Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory
2550 Beckleymeade Avenue, Suite 210
Dallas, Texas 75237
Email: xiaoyu@Grumpy.SSC.GOV
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《孫子兵法》序言 序言
《孫子兵法》成書于春秋戰國時代，為中國歷史上最杰出的兵書。至
今雖已歷經兩千餘年，但因其內容博大精深，理論高度概括，實踐層
出不窮，在現今社會中的每一各層次，從人際關系到國際戰略，它仍
有極大的參考價值。其“無為而戰、不戰而勝”的中心思想，仍不失
為一值得借鑒的指導原則。
此文本取自語農編著的《孫子兵法》（國家出版社）。
posted by American Dilettante at 5:48 PM
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